Damaris Dedes

ENG 306

J. Allred

Blog Post

What’s your Fetish?

Sigmund Freud is known for his psychoanalytical discipline which he often uses to base his other theories. Freud’s Fetishism explains the origin of sexual fetishes. According to Freud sexual fetishes emerge when a young man realizes that his mother does not share the same genitalia as him, the penis. This difference as explained by Freud implants the fear of castration. After a man realizes his mother and him do not share that aspect a “fetish” is then created as a substitute for the penis. Sigmund Fred stated, “When I announce that the fetish is a substitute for the penis, I shall certainly create disappointment…but for a particular and quite special penis that had been extremely important in early childhood but had later been lost”, in this portion of the article he is alluding to the fact that some sort of trauma in a young man’s life led to the fetish. He also brings up two important concepts that go hand in hand. The first when a man decides to ‘disavow’ their fear. The fetishist’s need to ‘disavow’ the fear while embracing the fetish. The man renarrates the trauma within the fetish. The second concept was ‘Scotomization’ which in terms means that the perception of the traumatizing memory is completely obliterated. This process is necessary when a man believes that his mother is in danger of not having a penis. In this case the man substitutes things like the shine of a woman’s nose to make up for the lack of penis. After Scotomization has occurred the man believes that the woman has got a penis. Freud states, “We can now see what the fetish achieves and what is it that maintains it. It remains a token of triumph over the threat of castration and protection against it”, in this portion of the text it is clear that these men have a castration complex which fetishes can cure and also keep them from becoming homosexuals.

Sigmund Freud point is an interesting and quite funny one but it is also fairly sexists to define a woman’s body based on the eyes of a man. It has been noted that Freud believes that women’s genitalia is s form of castration and he dedicated most of his work to avoid going between woman’s legs. Freud does not speak on the woman’s body.

In the text “Unconscious by Francoise Meltzer there was one section that stood out to me more than others. “In other words the irony is that the unconscious can only be described in, understood in, the realm and the rules of consciousness. “Or to put it another way: the unknowable is forever condemned to being described in terms of the of the known. I found that quote to be very interesting. What I took from that is that although we are aware that there are hidden facets of the human kind.  We are blocked from fully understanding or describing them because our consciousness is limited and can’t go beyond are reach. Many people argue that the term “unconscious” is only be used as an adjective, I don’t think that it is not a thing or place but an activity that we don’t even know about. If we think about it, mental activity is a matter of conscious experience,   Funny enough a lot nineteenth-century German and British people refer to something unconscious, without even saying it! I However another writer, Freud took that term that was popular and made it to be sexual. It’s hard to define the nature of unconscious activity because it must be diagnosed by a doctor from by examples  in life which don’t seem moved by the conscious, such as dreams, slips of the tongue, puns, amnesia, compulsions to repeat, denials, and literature. Meltzer concludes by suggesting the unconscious is the way we imagine the unknowable and its hidden works. When we talk about the unconscious, we show more about the human will to explore and explain the unknown, hoping that the way we think about the unknown will tell us in itself about the structures and patterns of the human soul.

Sigmund Freud states that “although the details of each individual dream are particular to the dreamer there are some dreams that occur widely and point to the existence of universal desires”(817). Incest and its prohibition are at the core of Freud’s theory of “unconscious desire.” In his work, The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud uses Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex as a form of evidence of the theory he is trying to convey. For Freud, literature is the human evidence that when deciphered and analyzed unveils the true desires of human beings. In the play, Oedipus is warned by an oracle that he will kill his father and marry his mother, in an attempt to avoid this fate, Oedipus leaves his home, only to kill a man and marry a woman who turn out to be his biological parents(who had left him as an infant to avoid that particular fate as well). For Freud, this play was so popular because it conveyed something universally fascinating and repressed(incestal physical relationships). The truth told by the oracle corresponds to unconscious desire, fulfilling itself despite the efforts to avoid it. Also Oedipus’ reluctance to learn his true identity is parallel to a patient’s resistance to unconscious knowledge. Freud also uses Hamlet to point out that Hamlet only delayed the revenge of his father’s death because his uncle had carried out a murder that he himself had wanted to do (Hamlet desired Gertrude, his Mom). By using two popular works of  literature, Freud, is not only changing the way people view these stories, but he is also making his argument relatable since these are stories most people know so well. It is a good strategy to discuss a topic as taboo as incest through familiar works of literature, it shows that incest does interest people even if they don’t outright admit it or know it.
Freud also states that dreams are capable of being “over-interpreted” and indeed need to be, if they are to be fully understood (818). This is important because before this people did not really bother to analyze the meaning of their dreams. Freud opened up the door to interpretation in an area that most people did not give much thought to. It puts into question many aspects of one’s own dreams. I think Freud was correct to believe dreams reveal one’s unconscious thoughts because I think about the dreams one has when one is hungry. One’s stomach is uncomfortable and almost in pain, begging for attention, when one is hungry. In order for the body to convey this to the sleeping mind it does it through a dream. For example, the few times I have dreamed of being stabbed or shot in the stomach, I woke up only to realize that I was in some sort of pain. It turns out I was really hungry and my body desperately needed food. Point being, if dreams and the body can deliver this idea of hunger to each other then I am sure it can deliver other ideas as well (some that we may have not even realized we knew/thought of).

Edina Schaefer

November 5, 2017

Blog Post 5

The Interpretation of Dreams

Sigmund Freud opens this essay by saying, ‘In my experience, which is already extensive, the chief part in the mental lives of all children who later become psychoneurotics is played by their parents’ (814). His term Oedipus complex states that a child’s first sexual ambition is their same opposite sex parent, which in turn leads them to passionately hate their same sex parent. He then goes on to say, ‘Being in love with the one parent and hating the other are among the essential constituents of the stock of psychical impulses which is formed at that time and which is of such importance in determining the symptoms of the later neurosis’ (814). An example that he uses that makes it interesting for the audience is Shakespeare’s play Hamlet. Freud’s argument is that Hamlet is a man of inaction when it comes to carrying out the ghost’s wishes because in a sense he is happy that his father has died. He is able to get his revenge on anyone who has wronged him, but it can be interpreted that Claudius actually helped him out. Claudius brought Hamlet’s repressed desires to life. This stems back to the Oedipus complex. Hamlet experiences incestuous ambitions towards his mother, but he is forced to repress those desires. He states, ‘In Hamlet it remains repressed; and- just as in the case of neurosis- we only learn of its existence from its inhibiting consequences’ (817).

The second part of this essay focuses on dreams and how they work. There are two categories of dream thought, one being manifest content and the other being latent content. Manifest content is the censored part of the dream that we remember while latent content is what lies beneath the surface, what the deeper meaning of the dream is. Our true dreams lie within the latent content but as Nietzsche stated in his essay ‘On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense’, humans are prone to limit the truths that we hear, discuss and believe. Because of this, the mind changes our dream thoughts through processes such as displacement, condensation and representation. The mind uses different objects to parallel with what is really going on in our mind, but this parallel makes the dream more acceptable.

Sigmund Freud’s theories are still relevant today although many of them have been proven wrong. He has left a long lasting impact in the world of psychology and English, allowing his audience to better understand the human mind and how it works.

What hides within the depths of our minds? Our readings in this class have displayed that things are often not as they seem on the surface. In language and in society, deep analysis reveals a complex web of relations that determine the structure of these systems; a web that is not apparent at first glance. In Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, we are presented with a similar web that Freud reveals as he delves into the human mind (specifically, into the content of our dreams).

Freud uses dream interpretation to analyze the methods by which the unconscious functions. First, he considers the case of Oedipus, a protagonist of Greek mythology who killed his father and had sexual intercourse with his mother. The style of narrative which this play by Sophocles engenders is called Oedipus Rex. While some attribute the appeal of such a narrative to its message about destiny, for Freud, Oedipus Rex is compelling because of its reflection of unconscious impulses that are latent in every individual. Freud also finds such impulses in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, although Hamlet was written in an era of greater repression than Oedipus Rex, and therefore the impulses that drive the protagonist are apparent only through implication, rather than being made explicit and manifest.

His interpretation of these texts unveils Freud’s new method for interpreting dreams, in which he observes not only the “manifest content,” or that which is directly presented, but also the “latent content,” or that which must be inferred through processes of interpretation. The former is also referred to as “dream-content,” while the latter is comprised of “dream-thoughts.” For Freud, the error of all dream interpretation before him was that it did not attempt to interpret these dream-thoughts, but rather satisfied itself with merely the surface level dream-content.

In attempting to analyze the unconscious, through its activity as dream-thoughts, we must first acknowledge that these dream thoughts are incomprehensible, and so they represent themselves through translation into the “pictographic script” (819) of dream-content. This transformation from dream-thoughts to dream-content involves various modes of translation, namely condensation and displacement.

According to the principle of condensation, we can assume that each symbol in the dream-content holds within it a multitude of dream-thoughts. Dreams are very short, and yet they are rife with meaning. In attempting to translate this dream-content back into the complex dream-thoughts, “it is impossible to determine the level of condensation,” (819) and so the translation of a dream is indefinite. A dream can always be interpreted further. The other mode of translation from dream-thoughts to dream-content is called displacement. Displacement in dreams is the substitution of one thing for another. This substitution, like metaphor, is indirect and symbolic. Its purpose is for the dispersion of psychical intensity when moving from dream-thoughts to dream-content, for the raw dream-thoughts themselves are too intense for our conscious mind, and must be filtered by the censoring apparatus of displacement.

Throughout these processes of translation, what happens to logical structures? Dreams are unfit to represent logical connections, and so they reconfigure these connections in various ways. One method is that “they reproduce logical connection by simultaneity in time” (822), and so when two things are logically connected as dream-thoughts, this connection will be represented in dream-content as simultaneity. Causal relations in dream-thoughts are represented by a sequence in the dream-content; although the order of this causality may be reversed during this representation. Lastly, ‘either-or’ relations are represented by ‘and’ relations. “’No’ seems not to exist as far as dreams are concerned” (824), and so dream-content does not represent negation. Instead, the two objects that oppose each other on the level of dream-thoughts are presented as interchangeable on the level of dream-content.

As is of interest to our class, Freuds methods for dream interpretation can likewise be applied to the interpretation of literature. This is evidenced by Freud himself, as he begins his argument by applying his techniques to literary criticism. Through these new techniques, a student of literature is armed with a slew of new tools with which to interpret a text. Also, Freuds work presents a new subject of study for the student, namely, the unconscious (of both the characters and the author). However, Freud’s methods can be dangerous. In his own use of these techniques, Freud presents his interpretations as the “correct” interpretations, discrediting those who consider the Sophocles’ myth of Oedipus as referent of anything but the character’s unconscious impulses, and likewise closing-off interpretation of Hamlet to any other than his understanding of the protagonist’s motives. Although Freud admits that dream interpretation is infinite, he seems to lack this ideal in his application of his techniques to literature.

In his article, Fetishism, Sigmund Freud discusses the origin of sexual fetishes. As per his psychoanalytic discipline, he relates sexual fetishes to the moment a man realizes that his mother does not, in fact, have a penis. This instills the fear of the possibility of castration within the man, and after that moment of realization, a fetish is created to substitute the mother’s lack of penis. Freud refers to this fear as the “castration complex,” and discusses a fetishist’s need to ”disavow” this fear while also embracing it by creating a fetish. He prefers this dialectic over the idea of total ”scotomization,” which he uses to mean the complete obliteration of a traumatizing memory, such as the moment when a man realizes he, just like his mother, is in danger of not having a penis (842). While Freud’s argument is definitely interesting enough, a clear argument arises: what about the female fetishist? This piece is clearly specific to its time period and does not account for a more global view on the sexes. I do find much merit in his argument, however, that humans do not merely cross out significant memories in their life. Rather, they create substitution modes of obsession to channel these memories in easier-to-digest fashions.

Freud’s basis for his argument lies in his belief that a man cannot handle the idea of potential castration, and therefore he lives traumatized by the moment he realizes that his mother does not have a penis. Freud states, “When now I announce that the fetish is a substitute for the penis… The fetish is precisely designed to preserve it from extinction…” (842). Here Freud points out that a fetish is a substitute for a man’s mother’s lost penis, and it is not meant to completely forget about the whole memory. This statement ties into his proceeding argument that the fetish is not meant to “scotomize,” or obliterate the memory of a man’s finding out about his mother’s lack of a penis (842). Rather it is meant to crystalize this memory while making it easier to handle. This new interest in the fetish makes the weight of the fear of castration easier to endure by creating what Freud calls a “token of triumph” over this fear (843). Freud emphasizes this natural and dialectical human tendency to both repress and revere a traumatizing memory when he brings in the story of a patient who was dealing with the death of his father. In coping, he vacillated between the notions that his father was still alive but also that he was his father’s successor (844). Freud likens this to a fetishist, where he writes, “A fetish of this sort, doubly derived from contrary ideas, is of course especially durable… To point out that he reveres his fetish is not the whole story; in many cases he treats it in away which is obviously equivalent to representation of castration” (845). Freud refers to this as a “divided attitude” which helps a fetishist cope with his ultimate fear of losing his manhood. He cannot entirely deny the existence of this fear, which would be equivalent to simple repression. Rather, he can suppress it while still finding moments to hail it in recognition.

I find the base argument of this article to be discredited by the fact that Freud entirely ignored an entire gender in describing the origin of fetishes. It is not a surprise, however, as in his time women were not allowed to be as sexually overt as they are in modern times. Therefore, most attention to sexual “abnormalities” would be paid to males because they were allowed to more openly express themselves in sexual ways. What I do pay heed to, however, is the overall concept of humans crystalizing traumatizing memories through more meaningful ways that allow them to conquer the memory itself. There definitely does exist a divided attitude amongst all of us when dealing with trauma, in that repressing it entirely does not work, rather we must memorialize it as well to achieve true triumph.

Humans would like to think that we define ourselves through rational thinking and reason. This is where Sigmund Freud says no. In Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, he explains that our dreams play a bigger role in our identity than we think. Freud explains that every child’s first object of sexual desire is their opposite- sex parent. Although this may sound farfetched, Freud explains that these feelings of incest lead to a repressive psyche in a human because as we grow older we clearly do not want to have these feelings. Freud interpreted that this repression could lead to homosexuality,neurosis, and/or pedophilia. This is where the concept known as the Oedipus Complex arises from. In the play Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles. Oedipus ends up killing his father and marrying his mother. Freud says that this story still resonates with us today “only because it might have been ours- because the oracle laid the same curse upon us before our birth as upon him” (816). Freud explains that in order to interpret our minds deepest impulses we must acknowledge the latent content of our dreams. This is what the interpreter of the dream should pay attention to. Before there was latent content, all interpretation was seen through the manifest content, which is what we could remember from our dreams. Latent content is the most essential information to understand the unconscious details of our dreams. This is our “true desire”. Sometimes humans can not handle the intensity of our wants and we want to condense and displace the content of our dream. Condensation is a method where the repressed part of the dream returns in hidden ways. In dreams, multiple dream-thoughts are often combined into a single element of the manifest dream. According to Freud, every dream seems to be put together out of two or more impressions or experiences. According to Freud, displacement is the principle means used in the dream- distortion to which the dream thoughts must submit under the influence of the censorship. An example of displacement could be if a man is angry with his boss at work, but he cannot express this anger properly, so he goes home and hits his wife. The wife in turn hits one of the children, possibly disguising this as a punishment. Displacement almost is a reminder of the line in the movie Few Good Men, “you can’t handle the truth”.

In Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, he explains that every child’s first object of sexual desire is their opposite-sex parent.  Around the same time of this discovery, they will start resenting their same-sex parent.  However, seeing that incest is a taboo topic, most people have to repress that sexual craving, which, according to Freud, might lead to neurosis, homosexuality, and pedophilia.  He coined this concept as the Oedipus complex, after the play Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles around 429 BCE.  In the play, Oedipus kills his father and unknowingly marries his mother.  Freud claims that Oedipus Rex is a story that still moves us today “only because it might have been ours – because the oracle laid the same curse upon us before our birth as upon him” (816).  He goes on to say that Shakespeare’s Hamlet “has its roots in the same soil as Oedipus Rex,” meaning that Hamlet experiences the same incestuous desires as Oedipus (817).  The difference, however, is that Hamlet is aware of his desire for his mother, which Oedipus was oblivious of.  Hamlet is forced to repress his forbidden desires, and the resulting neurosis he experiences are what Freud calls the “inhibiting consequences” of that repression.  Another reason for Hamlet keeping his desire hidden is that it was written within a much different society than Oedipus Rex, during the time of “the secular advance of repression in the emotional life of mankind” (817).  

In an attempt to “interpret the deepest layer of impulses” within the mind, Freud presents the new idea of latent content as what the interpreter of dreams should focus on.  Up until that point, all dream interpretation was through the manifest content, that is, the censored content of the dreams we remember.  Latent content, on the other hand, is what lies beneath the surface of manifest content.  It is the unconscious, a void which we can only know through its effects.  Our true desires are in the form of latent content, or ‘dream thoughts.’  However, our ego can’t always handle the truth of our wants.  In that case, the mind transcribes our dream thoughts into dream content through a process of condensation and displacement.  An example might be that we desire to murder our friend, but since murder is not an acceptable behavior or thought in our society, we might displace the image of wanting to see him dead in our dream with seeing a dead dog.  

Freud’s ideas about the unconscious were certainly revolutionary for his time, and though many of his theories have been debunked, he is credited with getting people to look below what is on the surface.

Foucault’s History of Sexuality was written during the age of the sexual revolution. A time of sexual expression and liberation that prompted Foucault to challenge the mentality of this movement, questioning if they were truly ever sexually oppressed in the first place. He refers 18th century Victorian era where he produces his “repressive hypothesis” that claims since the rise of the bourgeoise, any time spent on purely recreational activities were disapproved. This meant that sex was dealt as a private and intimate encounter that only serves a purpose of reproduction. Anything beyond the intention of sexual reproduction or the congregation two people of the same sex was condemned. Since sex was privatized and demonized in the eyes of the public, the “repressive hypothesis” began to establish outlets for “improper” and “unconventional” sexual ventures that would allow people to express their desires and fear. This includes mental hospitals, brothels, and psychotherapy. Foucault develops the repressive hypothesis in order to develop his notion of productive power.

Steven Marcus referred to the purveyors of these places as “Other Victorians”. These people were able to escape the repressive sexual discourse by creating their own sources for sexual liberation. Foucault gives credit to Freud for having assisted in the concept of the “sexuality possible” but it’s discourse remained within the academic and medical field, leaving it unable to fully impact the mainstream culture. Foucault adds that sexual repression must be discussed because of our history that allows any liberal discourse on sexuality to be misunderstood as a matter of political liberation rather than an intellectual analysis. The “repressive analysis” was a concept that Foucault was able to utilize to grant revolutionary importance on the discourse of sexuality. This makes the repressive analysis seem defiant and integral to our personal liberation.

He touches upon the emerging sexualization of children and the identities of homosexuals. Foucault touches upon the linkage of sexuality to truth, making sexuality a sort of indicator of identity. Sexuality became a category much like ethnic or racial categories that norms had perpetuates. His argument was that homosexuality was not discovered but produced through a dialectical exchange. This led to the classification of homosexuality that invited people to suppress and regulate them. It also led to the demonization of sexualities that were viewed as “unproductive” which links to the capitalistic means of reproduction.

The ontological categorization of homosexualities makes me question how people who were born intersex were treated. Intersexuality involves people who were born with ambiguous genitalia and or secondary sexual characteristics that do not fit into the dimorphic platonic binary. The ontological regulation that intersex people face is immediate within their lives starting at birth. Many people born intersex had parents who were persuaded by doctors to perform gender reassignment surgery. Doctors viewed intersexuality as a genetic mutation or a mistake that could be corrected with their medical assistance. Parents of intersex children would be overwhelmed with the medical jargon that their doctors would spew and end up consenting to the surgery even though their children were perfectly healthy. Parents often consented to the surgery in fear the lives of their child was at jeopardy or sheer ignorance. This left many children to be brought up as genders they weren’t originally assigned and perpetuates the existence of happy go lucky heterosexuals. This is indicative how social norms and means of reproduction hindered the lives of children to fit into a dimorphic mold. These children often suffered emotionally and ended up abandoning their genders into adulthood.
The definition of intersex are people who do not fit into the binary of gender. This means that they cannot be categorized due to their ambiguous genitalia and secondary sex organs. But due to the preconceived notions of gender being heavily influenced in our lives before we’re even born (sex reveal parties, baby showers, etc) society thinks it acceptable to identify people through their gender even if their gender is ambiguous. This leads to powers such as traditional intellectuals and juridical powers to identify and or correct a person’s gender so they can align with the means of reproduction.
It also brings up the discourse of queer people who are also in an ambiguous part of the spectrum of sexuality by refusing to fit into the binary as well. They refuse to even be involved with gender and therefore denounce being identified by it completely. Even though they identify as queer they are still subscribing to a label or categorization that attends to a certain social group and attributes. Even though it’s a unique social group, no one can escape the norm. Queer is supposed to challenge and reject the notion of social norms but by doing so, they are still in relation to the norm. As a social group they’re aligning themselves with other groups which allows competition, comparisons, expectations, and goals to arise.
Foucault claims that sex has never been a taboo in Western culture and therefore never repressed. His focus on how and why sexuality was made an object of discussion goes beyond sexuality itself and towards the power we find in knowledge. In search for this answer, the theory of power becomes foundational for this concept. Knowledge is power in which it allows you to understand your stance and position in the world in relation to others. Power is used for social control of the individual and the social body (i.e. the Victorian era establishing social norms around sex). In reality, sex is not actually repressed because it spawned a network of platforms used to talk about sex. The economy discourse of sed proves that a prohibition produces more of something. Power not only prohibits but produces more of something. The more hidden sex became, the more time people spent searching for ways to avoid talking about sex or frequent the platforms of sexual expression (psychiatry, brothels, mental wards, etc). The idea of knowledge producing power an hegemony caused the two type of powers to form: Juridical and Normative.
Juridical power has to do with the law. Foucault refers to this as a “Right to Death” which operates through prohibition laws and punishments. This type of power takes things away by force as punishment which is exercised over the public in order to demand obedience. This type of power is found in official institutions like legislative bodies, police, government, etc. Juridical power is something that is scarce that is exercised over people that allows power to be given or taken away.  Normative power aka “Power over life” involved the distribution of the norm. Power of life operates through the micromanaging of life so that more life is produced. This power therefore works through multiplication and is neither good or bad power. This power isn’t located in official institutions and can’t be rid of. It is inside and outside us and has no center. This power is part of a larger dynamic of power relations.

The dichotomy of these schools of power indicated that Foucault believed we must go further below the surface to exercise power. He was able to indicate and recognize how these powers manifest within these two concepts (bio/political powers) to depict how power knowledge controls us.

In Unconscious, by Françoise Meltzer, the writer discusses different opinions regarding psychoanalytic theory, mainly those of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. Telling us the different ways in which our thinkers conceive of the unconscious, we are told that Freud first created a topographic model of the mind, in which consciousness and the unconscious are separated by a repression barrier that keeps us from accessing the latter. Freud also sees it through “hydraulic” metaphors, in which the unconscious, burdened by tension, needs to “’leak through’” or “’seek outlets’”(Meltzer 151). When he finally revises his model into the tripartite model, in which he creates the categories of id, ego, and superego, Lacan and other French psychoanalysts begin to disagree with him, believing that the topographic model is more correct. Our writer tells us that “one can see that the choice of models for the mind, and therefore the choice of metaphors and rhetorical devices used to describe psychic activity, are highly politicized in subsequent psychoanalytic theory”(Meltzer 152).

But, Meltzer says this relates to something else: the study of literature. We argue about and discuss literature not only over basic plot and narration, but we pay extra attention to the smallest of details; we look at those same “slips of the tongue, puns, jokes, and ‘gaps’”(Meltzer 157) in narratives as a psychoanalyst would look at in a person. We expect these to have deeper meaning than what our narrators tell us directly. Like those who believe in the unconscious, readers and critics believe there is much more information underneath the surface.

Even Freud, in trying to explain his theories, analyzes Oedipus and Hamlet, great literary characters. However, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory comes into a problem when it runs into literature. Although a lover of narratives himself, he takes stories and explains them away using his theories, specifically “The Uncanny” by E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which a man named Nathaniel is terrified of the Sandman, whom he believes will gouge out his eyes. Eventually killing himself because he believes one of the “sandmen” wants him to jump off a tower, the story ends quite tragically.

Meltzer tells us that Freud explains this using the idea of Fetishism, in which the protagonist’s fear is not of having his eyes gouged out, but of castration, and that the fear narrated in the book is just a product of repression and displacement. By attempting to give a diagnosis to the protagonist, however, Freud seems to “solve” the book like a math equation, something scary for literature lovers everywhere.

Lacan, in his conception of psychoanalytic theory, draws heavily from the ideas of Saussure and Jakobson. Using their ideas on linguistics to parallel the ideas of the conscious and unconscious, he tells us that the unconscious is “structured like a language”(Meltzer 159), even using metonymy to explain the displacement of desire within the mind.

As Meltzer says, “there is something in the reader-critic who would like to keep some texts uncanny, and that resists the notion that any discipline (especially one outside of literary studies) can claim to “decipher” the “real” meaning of the text”(Meltzer 155). Literature (and most subjects within the humanities), is complex and unquantifiable. The reason we continue to study the same texts over and over is exactly for this reason. If we can suddenly “solve” the narratives we truly love, what is the point of continuing to study it?

However, a straight rejection of Freud’s theory cannot be made without raising another. By creating a barrier between psychoanalytic theory and literature, we can no longer use literature to help explain other fields either. We also must decide what else falls outside of the literary realm, and what falls within it. When we build a wall, we must decide who and what to keep out, and also where to put it. If one really wants to get at the “truth”, of literature, shouldn’t all answers be accepted and considered?

As I said before, literature is something that cannot be quantified. Especially today, with technology allowing us to write publically whenever we like, and when we have films, news and art in wide availability, everything is literature and everything can be analyzed. By creating boundaries and saying that some theories and ideas fall outside of literature, we constrict our ability to look at the field in different ways. If we want to discover a little bit more about the workings of the human mind, both within psychoanalytic theory and literature, it is necessary to take into account the thoughts surrounding them that aren’t considered “literary” in the traditional sense.