There are some challenges  Wolfe discusses such as fragmentation which is animal studies that emerged from various disciplines that was leading to different development. There  is also interdisciplinarity which shows the nature of animal studies that make it challenging to trace its history and define its boundaries  Animal studies have also struggled  to gain institutional recognition and legitimacy which has hindered development.

There are also ethical concerns about the ethical treatment of animals in the study of animals and their relationships with humans. Wolfe also believes that  the present moments in 2009n is special in the development of animal studies as a field because it represents a critical error where they show the importance of studying animals in their own right. The emergence of animal studies as a field reflect a broader cultural  and  intellectual  movement  toward acknowledging the agency and  significance of non- human animals  in shaping human societies  and the natural world.

The  emergence of animal studies as a field  reflects growing concerns about animal  welfare  environmental  and the ethical treatment of animals  Wolfe argues that embedding animals studies within genealogy of other identity based fields like women’s studies The problem with embedding animal studies within this sequence it conflicts the experiences of  non human animals with marginalized human groups.

Wolfe also impulses towards diversity which is commendable and argues that the inclusion of animal studies within the sequence of identity based fields overlooks the fundamental differences between humans and animals and risks detracting from the focus on human experiences of oppressions and exclusion. Wolfe highlights anthropocentrism, objectification of animals, dualistic and ethical blind spots and overall Wolfe argues that the application of humanism is the study of animals and human animal interaction that reinforces the objectification of animals and the ability to ethically and engage with different experiences and relationships within the animal world.

According to the author in on page 819 Fetishisms meant”  A fetish of this sort, doubly derived from contrary ideas, is of course especially durable. In other instances the divided attitude shows itself in what the fetishist does with his fetish, whether in reality or in his imagination.  He also states that there are many and weighty additional proofs of the divided attitude of fetishist to the question of the castration  of women”. The definition shows the concept of fetishism and the divide in fetishism towards their actions and thoughts whether it’s in reality or in imagination.

In this article talks about divided attitude which says” Returning to my description of fetishism, I may say that there are many and weighty additional proofs of the divided attitude of fetishists to the question of the castration of women”. Some of the examples stated is ” In him the need to carry out the castration which he disavows has come to the front. His action contains in itself the two mutually incompatible assertions: ‘ the woman has still got a penis’ and my father has castrated the woman”. Another variant which is also a parallel to fetishism in social psychology, might be see in  in the Chinese custom of mutilating the female foot”. These examples try to example the idea about women which reflect a phycological phenomenon to fetishism. The second example try to explain the Chinese practice of foot binding which is a culture tradition involving the mutilation of female feet to make them smaller and pleasing.

Some of the barrier Freud encounters is Cultural sensitivity which is the awareness of regarding sexuality. Also there is  Human psychology which Freud tries to express that human sexuality is multifaced and has a difficult processes. There is also Empirical evidence which shows how Freud has a theory on different definition explain fetishism due to the empirical date.  There is also Subjectivity of interpretation which tries to show awareness of the psychoanalytic interpretation and the different behaviors of fetishism, Lastly there is evolution of psychoanalytic theory this shows Freud ideas evolve and all his different theories. His hesitation about fetishism about his reflecting about different concepts.

Freud hesitation in his analysis about fetishism from combination of factors including cultural sensitivities, the complexity of human psychology, limitations in empirical evidence, the subjectivity of interpretation and the evolution of his own theoretical framework. These are all the different types of ideas and how Freud tries to explain about fetishism in this article.

In the passage The Fact of Blackness shows different strategies in this book. Some of the strategies are resistance and rebellion because the Black fought against colonial oppression as a means of asserting their identity and reclaiming their humanity. Another strategy is cultural affirmation by embracing the black culture, traditions and heritage that can be a powerful strategy for making their identity. There is also giving access to education and knowledge about history, culture and the context of racism in the Black community.

There is also building networks with different communities to bring collective strength to form different alliances to bring support in the Black community.  There is also engaging in different forms of self expression and creativity such as writing, music and visual arts. There is also a big importance of phycological liberation from the oppression by colonialism. The last biggest strategy is getting involved in political movements and efforts to make difficult decisions’ by challenging the systemic injustice and advocating for equality and liberty. These are some of the different strategies in the Black community and cultural.

There  are some problems that arise after Fanon puts the white man in his place”.  Some of the problems is because in a society such as ours industrialized to the highest degree, dominated by scientism, there is no longer degree dominated by scientism, there is no longer room for your sensitivity. This quote explains that is racism and black community have a huge struggle in the community for based on everything in basic life. These are some of the problems that arise after Fanon put the person in their place.

In the article called The Capital explained many different metaphors used in this story. On page 670 states ”  Later on , we try to decipher the hieroglyphic, to get behind the secret of our own social products; for to stamp an object of utility as a value, is just as much a social product as language.” This  explains that what’s the secret is behind the value of an object and the secret being own social products. This also explains the social product as a languages by the values of the objects. Another quote stated on page 670 is” The recent scientific discovery, that the products of labor, so far as they are values, are but material expressions of the human labor spent in they are values, are but material expressions of the human labor spent in their productions, marks indeed, an epoch in the history of development of the human race, but by no means dissipate the mist through which the products themselves.”  This explains how the value of products and how in human labor make the productions. The value of goods shows a reflection of the human effort in making the objects. This also explains the value of produces bring tied to labor work and how much effort and time and production made in the products.

Robinson Crusoe tells us different things about commodity and market based forms of production and exchange.  On page 672 states ” Necessity itself compels him to apportion his time accurately between his different kids of work. Whether one kind occupies a greater space in his general activity than another, depends on the difficulties greater or less as the case may be, to be overcome in attaining the useful effect aimed at”. This quote explains while doing different types of tasks and activity it takes time and effort to complete. This also states that while doing different activates the more time you take the more difficult the task is. While taking more longer on the activity you become more successful. The more challenging and more effort you put into your activity the more successful and easier it is for you to complete.

Another quote stated on page 672 is ” Personal dependence here characterizes the social relations of production just as much as it does the other spheres of life organized on the basis of that production”. This quote explains that your personal experiences also effect your social relation around you. This also explains how you see different phases of life and how organized your life is. Another example Marx tries to prove is on page 672″ Here the particular and natural form of labor and not as in a society based on production of commodities, its general abstract form is the immediate social form of labor.” Marx tries to prove how there are different types of labor and how the productions is different between both labor forms. He also tries to prove the abstract form of the social form of labor between natural and society labor.

The most important quotes that Marx states on page 672  is ” No matter then, what we may think of the parts played by the different classes of people themselves in this society, the social relations between individuals in the performance in this society, the social relations between individuals in the performance of their labor, appear at all events as their own mutual person relations”  This explains how regardless of people beliefs and whatever social class you are everyone is the same. This also tries to show how in labor or work the different interactions and relationships you have are very significant. They are very significant because everyone is human at the end of the day and have to treat everyone with respect and work with everyone. This also shows the even if you have different social class or different religion or different everything you have to build relationship and work with everyone. This is what i have learned in this passage.

In the literature The world of Wrestling and The Eiffel Tower. The signified attached to the signifier of the tower is shown in the reading in many different ways. On page (4) ” the symbol of Paris of modernity of communication of science or of the nineteenth century, rocket, stem, derrick, phallus, lightning rod or insect, confronting the greater itineraries of our dreams, it is the inevitable sign”. This quote examples how the Tower represent different things such as different phases people go through. This also represents an iconic symbol in both France and Paris and is the popular tourist attraction. This tower draws millions of people everyday to come admire the architectural beauty of the tower.

In the literature The World of Wrestling and The Eiffel tower also defines the meaning of RB and how the tower is based on structuralism. On page (9)  states ” We may recall certain admirable, moreover, promenades of Rousseau was to the midst of sensation to perceive only a kind of tidal wave of things, the bird’s eye view, on the contrary, represented by our romantic writers as if they had anticipated both the construction of the Tower and the birth of aviation, permits us to transcend sensation and to see things in their structure”. This quote explains how the tower can show a bird eye view and has a full romantic meaning.  This also tries to contrast two different perspectives on experiencing the world. This also shows the different perspectives of the tower from inside and outside.

Another quote stated in this paper is on page (9) ” losing anything of their materiality, a new category appears, that of concrete abstraction, this moreover is the meaning which we can give to the word structure: a corpus of intelligent forms”.  This quote describes the perspective on more abstract concept. This quote also talks about the structure and patters rather then just their physical appearances.  This quote also tries to show a deeper insight into the nature of reality. Last quote that is stated in this literature ” Tower makes structuralism without knowing it which does not keep prose and structure from existing all the same; in Paris spread out beneath him, he spontaneously distinguishes separate because known points and yet does not stop linking them, perceiving them within a great functional space; in short he separates and groups; Paris offers itself to him as an object virtually prepared, exposed the intelligence, but which he must himself construct by a final activity of the mind; nothing less passive than the overall view the Tower gives to Paris”. This quote explains that how the Tower is related to structuralism and how it emphasizes about human societies and cultures. This quote also describes the scene of Paris from the view of the city.  The author also tries to describe the familiar landmarks and the points of interest in Paris. Overall this quotes describes the different principles of structuralism and the different relationship within Paris.

In Conclusion this literature The World of Wrestling’s and the Eiffel Tower describes different things throughout the story. The differences of the input and output views of structuralism and what’s the symbolism of the Tower.

In “On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense” Friedrich Nietzsche states the perspective regarding life and truth. Nietzsche states ” What , then is truth ?  A mobile army of metaphors, metonymies, anthropomorphism, in short a sum human relation which have been subjected to poetic and rhetorical intensification, translation and decoration. (756) This quote explained how he used metaphors and different terms on how human perception is very insane through the use of language and different forms of communication.  Basically Nietzsche is arguing that humans avoid telling the truth and like telling a lie. But by not telling the truth it can cause consequences and some people try to lie to prove a point. The quote that tries to argue this is ” The first laws of truth, for the contrast between truth and lying comes into existence here for the first time,” (754)

Nietzsche states that there is a difference between truth and lying and by lying you are trying to find some validity and force everything you are trying to state. Truth is also only desired by human beings in a similarly limited sense. The author also states the illusion of the truth.” If truth alone had been decisive in the genesis of language, if the viewpoint of certainty had been decisive in creating designation, how could we possibly be permit to say, ” The stone is hard as if hard were something known to us in some other way and not merely as an entirely subjective stimulus”. (754) Nietzsche further tries to explain if in today’s world if the truth was based solely on real talk then certain expression would be unnecessary. This quote is trying to highlight the type of language use to convey the truth. The example of describing the “stone” is try to interpreter and communicate the try of experiences through the languages.

There are two different types of humanity that Nietzsche describes at the end of the essay in many ways. The first type of humanity Nietzsche states ” As the astrologer studies the stars in the service of human beings and in relation to humanity’s happiness and suffering, this type  of researcher regards the whole world as linked to human kind”. (757) Nietzsche states that humanity can be shown in a positive way such as bringing happiness in the world and being kind to each other. Nietzsche states that by linking together as one we can bring the best out of each other.

The second type of humanity that Nietzsche’s states is ” Neither the house, nor the gait, nor the clothing, nor the pitcher of clay gives any hint that these things were invented by neediness it seems as if all of them were intended to express sublime happiness.” (761) Nietzsche tries to argue that there is also a negative side to humanity. The people that try to help humanity can also have a negative impact. Some of the negative impacts would be based on certain challenges and how a human being is working towards the community as a positive change or a negative change.

Basically Nietzsche in the essay tries to argue different things about how truth can have a positive impact and how lies can have serious consequences and how humanity have two sides.